Which statement about independent contractor status is correct?

• A. The principal controls the result, not the means
• B. The principal controls both the means and the result
• C. The principal controls only the means
• D. The principal controls neither means nor the result

Answer: (A)

The key idea is how much control the principal has over the work process versus the finished product. For an independent contractor, the principal typically sets the desired result but does not direct the exact steps, methods, or tools the worker uses to achieve it. Saying the principal controls the result, not the means, fits this relationship: the end goal is defined, but the contractor decides how to get there. This autonomy over how to perform the work is what distinguishes an independent contractor from an employee, who is generally directed on both what to do and how to do it.

If the principal also dictated the means—how, when, and with what tools the work must be done—that would show employer control over the process, which aligns more with an employee. If the principal controlled both the means and the result, it would strongly indicate an employee relationship. If the principal controlled neither the means nor the result, the situation would be unclear or reflect a different kind of arrangement, but it wouldn’t capture the defining independent-contractor dynamic as cleanly.